Distillation separates liquid mixtures by heating them to exploit differences in boiling points. The component with the lower boiling point vaporizes first, rises, cools down, and condenses back into a purified liquid.Core ComponentsColumn Shell: The vertical tower where separation occurs.Internals (Trays/Packing): Structures that maximize contact between rising vapor and falling liquid.Reboiler: The heat source at the bottom that vaporizes the liquid.Condenser: The cooling system at the top that turns vapor back into liquid.Reflux System: Recycles a portion of the condensed liquid back into the tower to increase product purity.